Guarding San Juan Bay, El Morro embodies layered Spanish coastal defense: bastions, batteries, and a lighthouse added across centuries. The U.S. National Park Service now manages conservation, addressing salt‑laden winds, biological growth, and heavy visitation on a clifftop site integral to Puerto Rico’s history.
Star‑shaped works and glacis control approaches by land and sea. Casemates, ramps, and ditches reflect evolving artillery.
The fortress faced European rivals and later modernization. A lighthouse crowns successive defensive phases.
Masonry consolidation, drainage, and biological removal protect walls; wayfinding and barriers guide visitors safely through complex levels.
Trade winds, harbor views, and kite‑filled lawns make for memorable visits; sun protection and sturdy shoes are recommended.
